SEED GERMINATION

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 The process of seed germination starts with the imbibition of water by seed coat and emergence of growing root tip of embryo. The process ends with the development of embryo into a seedling.

 Physiological and biochemical changes during seed germination

 1. Water uptake 

Seed germination starts with the imbibition of water by dry seed coat. Due to imbibition of water, the seed coats become 1) More permeable to O2 and water and 2) less resistant to outward growth of embryo. 

2. Respiration 

Rapid increase in respiration rate of embryo occurs. Sucrose is probably the respiratory substrate at this stage which is provided by endosperm. 

3. Mobilization of reserve materials 

As germination progresses, there is mobilization of reserve materials to provide. 

1. building blocks for the development of embryo 

2. energy for the biosynthetic process and

3. nucleic acids for control of protein synthesis and embryonic development Changes in these components are as follows

i) Nucleic acids 

In monocots, during imbibition, there is a rapid decrease of DNA and RNA content in the endosperm with a simultaneous increase in the embryonic axis probably due to their transportation as such. High concentration of RNA in the embryonic axis precedes cell division. Due to more cell division, DNA content is increased.

 ii) Carbohydrates 

Insoluble carbohydrates like starch are the important reserve food of cereals in the endosperm. During germination, starch is hydrolyzed first into maltose in the presence of α- amylase and β - amylase and then maltose is converted into glucose by maltase. The glucose is further converted into soluble sucrose and transported to growing embryonic axis. During germination, the embryonic axis secretes gibberellic acid into the aleurone layer which causes synthesis of α-amylase.

3. Lipids 

Plants like castor bean, peanut etc., store large amount of neutral lipids or fats as reserve food in their seeds. During germination, the fats are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase enzyme. Fatty acids are further converted into acetyl – CoA by the process, β - oxidation. The acetyl CoA is further converted into sucrose via glyoxylate cycle and is transported to the growing embryonic axis.

 4. Proteins 

Some plants store proteins as reserve food in their seeds in the form of aleurone grains. Proteins are hydrolyzed into amino acids by peptidase enzyme. The amino acids may either provide energy by oxidation after deamination (removal of amino group) or may be utilized in the synthesis of new proteins.

5. Inorganic materials 

A number of inorganic materials such as phosphate, calcium, magnesium and potassium are also stored in seeds in the form of phytin. These stored materials are liberated during germination due to the activity of various phosphatases including phytase.

 Emergence of seedling out of the seed coat 

All the changes described above gradually result in splitting of seed coat and emergence of the growing seedling. The radical comes out first and grows downward, and then plumule comes out and grows upward. Due to the continued growth of this seedling, the plumule comes out of the soil, exposed to light and develops its own photosynthetic apparatus. 

                  Splitting of seed coat may take place either by imbibition pressure or by internal pressure created by the growing primary root or by hydrolytic enzymes which act on cell wall contents of seed coat and digest it (e.g. cellulose and pectinase). Sometimes the seed coat may be extensively rotted by the activity of micro-organisms in the soil. 

DORMANCY OF SEEDS 

All the viable seeds have capacity to germinate if placed under suitable conditions necessary for germination. But, some seeds fail to germinate sometimes even if placed under the condition favourable for germination. This may be due to some internal factors or due to specific requirement for some environmental factors. During this period, the growth of the seed remains suspended and they are said to be in rest stage or dormant stage and this phenomenon is called as dormancy of seeds. 

Factors causing dormancy of seeds

1. Seed coats impermeable to water

 The seeds of certain plants especially those belonging to the family’s leguminaceae, solanaceae, malvaceae, etc. have very hard seed coats which are impermeable to water. The seeds remain dormant until the impermeable layer decay by the action of soil microorganisms.

 2. Seeds coats impermeable to oxygen

 In many plants such as cocklebur and many grasses, the seed dormancy is due to the impermeability of the seed coat to oxygen. However, during the period of dormancy, the seed coat gradually becomes more permeable to oxygen so that they may germinate.

3. Immaturity of the Embryo

 In certain orchids, the seed dormancy is due to the immaturity of the embryos which fail to develop fully by the time the seeds are shed. In such cases, the seeds germinate only after a period or rest during which the development of embryo inside the seed is completed.

4. Germination Inhibitors 

In certain seeds, the dormancy of the seeds is due to the presence of certain germination inhibitors like coumarin, ferulic acid, abscissic acid, etc. These may be present in endosperm, embryo, testa or juice or pulp of fruit.

5. Chilling or low temperature requirement 

In certain plants such as apple, rose, peach etc, the seeds remain dormant after harvest in the autumn as they have a low temperature or chilling requirement for germination. In nature, this requirement is fulfilled by the winter temperatures. In such case the seeds remain dormant throughout the winter season and germinate only in the following spring.

6. Light sensitive seeds 

In many species, the germination of the seeds is affected by light resulting in seed dormancy. Such light sensitive seeds are called photo blastic. Seeds of lettuce, tomato and tobacco are positively photo blastic and germinate only after they have been exposed to light. On the other hand, the seeds of certain plants are negatively photo blastic and their germination is inhibited by light. 

Advantages of dormancy

1. In temperature zones, the dormancy of seeds helps the plants to tide over the severe colds which may be injurious for their vegetative and reproductive growth.

2. In tropical regions, the dormancy of seeds resulting from their impermeable seed coats ensures good chances of survival.

3. Dormancy of seeds in many cereals is of utmost importance to mankind. If these seeds germinate immediately after harvest in the field, they will become useless to man for consumption as food.

 

 

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